HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust.

World Book Encyclopedia, Exploring Earth.

U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet Archived at the Wayback Machine. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguous (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element.

Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). ^ Commodity Statistics and Information.^ Abundance of elements in the earth’s crust and in the sea, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 97th edition (2016–2017), p.^ 'List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust'.Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Archived from the original on 10 April 2007. ^ David Kring, Composition of Earth's continental crust as inferred from the compositions of impact melt sheets, Lunar and Planetary Science XXVIII.'Chemical Composition of the Mantle', Theory of the Earth, pp. Clarke number - lists of historical data and terminology.

List of abundance by element Abundance of chemical elements in Earth's (continental) crust, according to various sources The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as mg/kg, or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm = 1%).Įstimates of elemental abundance are difficult because (a) the composition of the upper and lower crust are quite different, and (b) the composition of the continental crust can vary drastically by locality. Tellurium and selenium are concentrated as sulfides in the core and have also been depleted by preaccretional sorting in the nebula that caused them to form volatile hydrogen selenide and hydrogen telluride. These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into the Earth's core. The rarest elements in the crust (shown in yellow) are not the heaviest, but are rather the siderophile (iron-loving) elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements. Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number.

Ir chemical element